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1 explotar
v.1 to exploit (person).El tipo explota a los empleados The guy exploits the employees.El minero explota los recursos The miner exploits the resources.2 to explode.El minero explotó la carga The miner exploded the charge.La carga explotó The charge exploded.María explotó por la ofensa Mary exploded because of the offense.3 to use, to take unfair advantage of.El timador usó a las personas The swindler used the people.4 to explode on.Nos explotó una bomba A bomb exploded on us.* * *1 (sacar provecho) to exploit; (mina) to work; (tierra) to cultivate; (industria) to operate, run; (recursos) to tap, exploit2 peyorativo (personas) to exploit3 (bomba) to explode1 (explosionar) to explode, blow up* * *verb1) to exploit2) to run, operate* * *1. VT1) (=usar) [+ recursos, riquezas] to exploit; [+ planta] to run, operate; [+ mina] to work2) (=usar excesivamente) [+ obreros] to exploit; [+ situación] to exploit, make capital out of3) [+ bomba] to explode2.VI [bomba] to explode, go offexplotaron dos bombas — two bombs exploded o went off
cayó sin explotar — it fell but did not go off, it landed without going off
* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) < tierra> to exploit, work; < mina> to operate, work; < negocio> to run, operateb) <idea/debilidad> to exploit2) < trabajador> to exploit2.explotar via) bomba to explode, go off; caldera/máquina to explode, blow upb) (fam) persona to explode, to blow a fuse (colloq)* * *= deploy, explode, exploit, harness, tap, burst, blow up, cash in on, prey on/upon, detonate, milk, mine, blow + a fuse, ride (on) + Posesivo + coattails, go off.Ex. The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.Ex. Other systems also employ a thesaurus in offering the facility to explode search profiles.Ex. The Library of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCSH) can be exploited as a general index, since it shows LCC numbers for many of the headings listed.Ex. When computers were first harnessed for information retrieval and cataloguing applications, the information retrieval systems, and some of the cataloguing systems developed in different environments.Ex. It must be pointed out, however, that the potential for online catalogs to increase library staff productivity has hardly been tapped.Ex. The article 'Will the CD bubble burst: conflicting messages on the future of electronic publishing' considers the future of the CD-ROM market.Ex. The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.Ex. At the same time, veteran fiction writers and new authors cashing in on fame from other media continued to rule the lists.Ex. From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.Ex. There has been an explosion in terminology detonated by developments related to XML (eXtensible Markup Language).Ex. A satisfactory balance between public and private involvement has not yet been reached and the companies involved are milking public funds.Ex. For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.Ex. He simply blew a fuse and decided to go out on the road, spitefully apologizing again and again, until he got it right.Ex. Riding the coattails of Barack Obama, Democrats picked up seven seats held by Republicans in Tuesday's election to match the seven it gained two years ago.Ex. My hand looks like a hand grenade went off near it -- all cut up, bruised and with perforations by small bits of flying glass.----* explotar al máximo = realise + to its full potential, realise + the potential.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* hacer explotar = blow up.* por explotar = untapped.* sin explotar = untapped, unexploded.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) < tierra> to exploit, work; < mina> to operate, work; < negocio> to run, operateb) <idea/debilidad> to exploit2) < trabajador> to exploit2.explotar via) bomba to explode, go off; caldera/máquina to explode, blow upb) (fam) persona to explode, to blow a fuse (colloq)* * *= deploy, explode, exploit, harness, tap, burst, blow up, cash in on, prey on/upon, detonate, milk, mine, blow + a fuse, ride (on) + Posesivo + coattails, go off.Ex: The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.
Ex: Other systems also employ a thesaurus in offering the facility to explode search profiles.Ex: The Library of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCSH) can be exploited as a general index, since it shows LCC numbers for many of the headings listed.Ex: When computers were first harnessed for information retrieval and cataloguing applications, the information retrieval systems, and some of the cataloguing systems developed in different environments.Ex: It must be pointed out, however, that the potential for online catalogs to increase library staff productivity has hardly been tapped.Ex: The article 'Will the CD bubble burst: conflicting messages on the future of electronic publishing' considers the future of the CD-ROM market.Ex: The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.Ex: At the same time, veteran fiction writers and new authors cashing in on fame from other media continued to rule the lists.Ex: From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.Ex: There has been an explosion in terminology detonated by developments related to XML (eXtensible Markup Language).Ex: A satisfactory balance between public and private involvement has not yet been reached and the companies involved are milking public funds.Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.Ex: He simply blew a fuse and decided to go out on the road, spitefully apologizing again and again, until he got it right.Ex: Riding the coattails of Barack Obama, Democrats picked up seven seats held by Republicans in Tuesday's election to match the seven it gained two years ago.Ex: My hand looks like a hand grenade went off near it -- all cut up, bruised and with perforations by small bits of flying glass.* explotar al máximo = realise + to its full potential, realise + the potential.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* hacer explotar = blow up.* por explotar = untapped.* sin explotar = untapped, unexploded.* * *explotar [A1 ]vtA1 ‹tierra› to exploit, work; ‹mina› to operate, work, exploit; ‹negocio› to run, operate2 (sacar provecho de) to exploitsupo explotar esta idea al máximo she knew how to exploit this idea to the full o how to make the most of this ideasabe explotar los puntos flacos de su rival he knows how to exploit his opponent's weak pointsB ‹trabajador› to exploit■ explotarvi1 «bomba» to explode, go off; «caldera/máquina» to explode, blow up* * *
explotar ( conjugate explotar) verbo transitivo
‹ mina› to operate, work;
‹ negocio› to run, operate
verbo intransitivo
[caldera/máquina] to explode, blow up
explotar
I verbo intransitivo (un artefacto) to explode, go off
II verbo transitivo
1 (desarrollar, utilizar) to exploit
(una mina) to work
(la tierra) to cultivate
2 (a una persona) to exploit
' explotar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
estallar
- jugo
- exprimir
English:
blow up
- explode
- exploit
- go off
- milk
- prey on
- rag
- shell-hole
- tap
- untapped
- use
- flare
- mileage
- prey
- set
- top
- undeveloped
- work
* * *explotar1 vt1. [niños, trabajadores] to exploit;en esta empresa explotan a los trabajadores this firm exploits its workers2. [recursos naturales] to exploit;[fábrica, negocio] to run, to operate; [terreno] to farm; [mina] to work3. [tema, asunto, situación] to exploitexplotar2 vi1. [bomba, explosivo, petardo] to explode, to go off;[globo, neumático, caldera] to explode, to burst2. [persona] to explode (with rage)* * *I v/t2 situación take advantage of, exploit3 trabajador exploitII v/i go off, explode; figexplode, blow a fuse fam* * *explotar vt1) : to exploit2) : to operate, to runexplotar viestallar, reventar: to explode* * *explotar vb1. (bomba, etc) to explode / to go off2. (mina) to work3. (tierra) to farm4. (aprovechar) to exploit -
2 murmullo
m.1 murmur, murmuring.2 soufflé.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: murmullar.* * *1 (susurro) whisper, whispering; (voz baja) murmur, murmuring; (de arroyo) babbling, burbling; (de hojas) rustle, rustling; (del viento) sighing, murmur* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=susurro) murmur(ing), whisper(ing); (=queja) muttering2) [de hojas, viento] rustle, rustling; [de agua] murmur; (=ruido confuso) hum(ming)* * *a) ( de voces) murmur* * *= murmur, rumblings, rustle, hum, whisper.Ex. Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.Ex. The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.Ex. There are no barriers in this music, which can accommodate almost any tone from the harshest guitar sounds to the smoothest rustle of water.Ex. The beach is a ruined landscape, eerily quiet, save for the hum of mechanical diggers searching for yet more corpses.Ex. Some of them were conversing together in soundless whispers.* * *a) ( de voces) murmur* * *= murmur, rumblings, rustle, hum, whisper.Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
Ex: The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.Ex: There are no barriers in this music, which can accommodate almost any tone from the harshest guitar sounds to the smoothest rustle of water.Ex: The beach is a ruined landscape, eerily quiet, save for the hum of mechanical diggers searching for yet more corpses.Ex: Some of them were conversing together in soundless whispers.* * *1 (de voces) murmurhablaba casi en un murmullo she spoke almost in a whisperun murmullo de desaprobación a murmur of disapproval2 ( liter) (de agua) murmur ( liter), murmuring; (de viento) whispering, murmuring; (de hojas) rustle* * *
murmullo sustantivo masculino ( de voces) murmur
murmullo sustantivo masculino murmur: había un leve murmullo en la cafetería muy reconfortante, you could hear a comforting, soft murmuring in the café
' murmullo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
susurro
English:
murmur
- mutter
- ripple
- hum
* * *murmullo nmel murmullo del agua the murmuring of the water;se escuchó un murmullo de aprobación there was a murmur of approval;el murmullo de las hojas the rustling of the leaves* * *m murmur* * *murmullo nm1) : murmur, murmuring2) : rustling, rustleel murmullo de las hojas: the rustling of the leaves* * *murmullo n murmur -
3 przedłuż|yć
pf — przedłuż|ać impf Ⅰ vt 1. (czynić dłuższym) to lengthen, to extend [ulicę, sznur, linię, tunel]- przedłużyć coś o 10 cm to lengthen sth by 10 cm- przedłużyć coś z 20 do 50 m to lengthen sth from 20 to 50 m- linia tramwajowa zostanie przedłużona do dworca głównego the tram service will be extended up to the central station- przedłużenie tunelu nie powinno trwać dłużej niż miesiąc it shouldn’t take longer than a month to extend the tunnel2. (przeciągnąć) to prolong, to extend [pobyt]; to prolong [zebranie, lekcję]; to protract, to draw out [dyskusję, debatę]- przedłużyć sobie urlop to lengthen a. prolong one’s holiday- przedłużyć komuś życie to prolong sb’s life- przedłużanie tej rozmowy nie ma sensu it’s no use prolonging this conversation3. (prolongować) to prolong, to renew [paszport, wizę, legitymację]; to extend [termin]- termin złożenia prac przedłużono do końca lipca the deadline for submitting work was extended until a. till the end of July- co trzy lata musiała przedłużać prawo jazdy she had to renew her driving a. driver’s licence every three years- przedłużenie ważności wizy/paszportu the renewal of a visa/passport- przedłużenie terminu spłaty the extension of the repayment deadline- substancja przedłużająca świeżość pieczywa a substance that keeps bread fresh longerⅡ przedłużyć się — przedłużać się 1. (trwać dłużej) [cisza, wizyta] to lengthen; [dyskusja] to be prolonged a. protracted; [wykład, program] to overrun- zebranie przedłużyło się do późnego wieczoru the meeting didn’t end until a. till late at night- dyskusja niepotrzebnie się przedłużała the discussion was becoming unnecessarily long-drawn-out- jego pobyt w naszym domu przedłużył się he stayed with us longer than expected- krępujące milczenie przedłużało się the embarrassing silence was becoming interminable- przedłużająca się niepewność endless uncertainty2. (powiększyć się) [trasa] to drag outThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > przedłuż|yć
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4 anteportada
f.1 a fly-leaf bearing the title only of a book.2 half title, bastard title.* * *1 half title* * *= added title page, half title, short-title.Ex. An added title page is a title page preceding or following the title page chosen as the basis for the description of the item and which may be more general, as a series title page, or equally general, as a title page in another language.Ex. A half title is a brief title of a publication appearing on a leaf preceding the title page.Ex. By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada).* * *= added title page, half title, short-title.Ex: An added title page is a title page preceding or following the title page chosen as the basis for the description of the item and which may be more general, as a series title page, or equally general, as a title page in another language.
Ex: A half title is a brief title of a publication appearing on a leaf preceding the title page.Ex: By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada).* * *
anteportada sustantivo femenino title page
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5 claustrofóbico
adj.claustrophobic, which causes claustrophobia.m.claustrophobic person, person who suffers claustrophobia, claustrophobic.* * *► adjetivo1 claustrophobic* * *ADJ claustrophobic* * *- ca adjetivo claustrophobic* * *Nota: Nombre y adjetivo.Ex. The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.* * *- ca adjetivo claustrophobic* * *Nota: Nombre y adjetivo.Ex: The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.
* * *claustrofóbico -caclaustrophobic* * *
claustrofóbico,-a adjetivo claustrophobic
' claustrofóbico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
claustrofóbica
English:
claustrophobic
* * *claustrofóbico, -a adjclaustrophobic* * *claustrofóbico, -ca adj: claustrophobic -
6 depredador
adj.depredatory, predatory.m.predator, depredator.* * *► adjetivo1 depredatory► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 depredator, pillager* * *(f. - depredadora)noun* * *1.ADJ [animal, instinto] predatory2.SM (Zool) predator* * *I- dora adjetivo (Zool) <animal/ave> predatoryIImasculino predator* * *= predatory, predator.Ex. Physical violence may be predatory or affective.Ex. From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.* * *I- dora adjetivo (Zool) <animal/ave> predatoryIImasculino predator* * *= predatory, predator.Ex: Physical violence may be predatory or affective.
Ex: From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.* * *1 ( Zool) ‹animal/ave› predatory2 ‹ataque/ejército› predatorypredator* * *
depredador 1
depredador 2 sustantivo masculino
predator
depredador,-ora
I adjetivo predatory
II sustantivo masculino y femenino predator
' depredador' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
depredadora
English:
predator
- predatory
* * *depredador, -ora♦ adjpredatory♦ nm,fpredator* * *I adj predatory* * *depredador, - dora adj: predatorydepredador nm1) : predator2) saqueador: plunderer -
7 eco
f.(ultrasound) scan (informal) (ecografía).m.1 echo.en este patio hay eco there's an echo in this courtyardoímos el eco de sus voces we heard the echo of their voices2 rumor.el eco lejano de los tambores the distant sound of the drumsaún resuenan los ecos del escándalo the scandal still hasn't quite died downecos de sociedad society column, gossip column* * *1 echo2 figurado echo, response\hacerse eco de to echoecos de sociedad gossip column sing* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=sonido) echo2) (=reacción) echodespertar o encontrar eco — to produce a response (en from)
la llamada no encontró eco — the call produced no response, the call had no effect
tener eco — to catch on, arouse interest
* * *masculino (Fís) echo* * *= echo [echoes, -pl.], rumblings.Ex. No echo of so frightening a concept, 'class', ever lingers within the hushed precincts of our libraries.Ex. The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.----* amortiguar el eco = deaden + echo.* encontrar eco = find + echo in.* hacer eco = echo, resonate.* hacer eco de = echo.* hallar eco = find + echo in.* todavía + poderse + escuchar los ecos de = echo + still resound from.* * *masculino (Fís) echo* * *= echo [echoes, -pl.], rumblings.Ex: No echo of so frightening a concept, 'class', ever lingers within the hushed precincts of our libraries.
Ex: The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.* amortiguar el eco = deaden + echo.* encontrar eco = find + echo in.* hacer eco = echo, resonate.* hacer eco de = echo.* hallar eco = find + echo in.* todavía + poderse + escuchar los ecos de = echo + still resound from.* * *( Fís) echoaquí hay eco there's an echo herela cueva tiene eco there's an echo in the cavelos gritos hacían eco en el valle the shouts echoed around the valleytardará en extinguirse el eco de lo ocurrido the repercussions of these events will take some time to die downel disco tuvo escaso eco comercial the record made little commercial impactel discurso ha tenido mucho eco en el extranjero the speech has aroused a great deal of interest overseassu estilo tiene ecos surrealistas there are certain surrealistic elements to his stylehacerse eco de algo to echo sthse han hecho eco del llamamiento del obispo they have echoed the bishop's appealCompuesto:mpl society news* * *
eco sustantivo masculino (Fís) echo;
hacer eco to echo
eco sustantivo masculino
1 (reverberación) echo
2 (rumor) rumour: nos llegaron ecos de su boda, we heard a rumour of her marriage
ecos de sociedad, gossip column sing
3 (alcance, propagación) impact: su dimisión tuvo mucho eco, his resignation aroused great interest
♦ Locuciones: hacerse eco de, to echo
' eco' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
repercutir
- resonancia
- ecológico
- medio
- resonar
- retumbar
English:
echo
- eco-friendly
* * *eco1♦ nm1. [de sonido] echo;en este patio hay eco there's an echo in this courtyard;oímos el eco de sus voces we heard the echo of their voices;hacerse eco de algo [dar noticia] to report sth;[repetir] to echo sth;todos los periódicos se hicieron eco de lo ocurrido all the newspapers reported what happened;tener eco to arouse interest;su última novela tuvo poco eco her latest novel failed to arouse much interest;el suceso tuvo eco entre la prensa internacional the incident aroused interest in the international press2. [rumor] rumour;el eco lejano de los tambores the distant sound of the drums;aún resuenan los ecos del escándalo the scandal still hasn't quite died downecos de sociedad society column3. Informát echo♦ nfFam [ecografía] (ultrasound) scaneco2 interjAm Fam exactly, absolutely;¿entonces lo llamo a las once? – eco I'll phone you at eleven then? – fine;¿me pasan a buscar por casa? – eco will you pick me up at home? – sure* * *m echo;hacerse eco de algo echo sth;tener eco fig make an impact* * *eco nm: echo* * * -
8 en blanco
blank* * *(adj.) = blankly, blankEx. James had stared at her rather blankly.Ex. By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada).* * *(adj.) = blankly, blankEx: James had stared at her rather blankly.
Ex: By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada). -
9 portadilla
f.bastard title, half title.* * *= half title, short-title.Ex. A half title is a brief title of a publication appearing on a leaf preceding the title page.Ex. By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada).* * *= half title, short-title.Ex: A half title is a brief title of a publication appearing on a leaf preceding the title page.
Ex: By the seventeenth century it was becoming common to protect the title page with an initial blank leaf; which in turn, by the eighteenth century, often had a short-title printed on it (the half-title) = En el siglo XVII era cada vez más normal proteger la portada con una hoja en blanco inicial sobre la que en el siglo XVIII frecuentemente se imprimía un título breve (la anteportada). -
10 potencia comercial
(n.) = commercial powerEx. From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.* * *(n.) = commercial powerEx: From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.
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11 predador
m.beast of prey.* * *► adjetivo1 predatory* * *(f. - predadora)noun* * *= predator.Ex. From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.----* predador marino = sea predator.* predador sexual = sexual predator.* * *= predator.Ex: From being a predator, England was becoming a major commercial power on whose ships others preyed.
* predador marino = sea predator.* predador sexual = sexual predator.* * *predator* * *predador, -ora♦ adjpredatory♦ nmpredator* * *I ZO adj predatory -
12 rumor
m.1 murmur (ruido sordo).un rumor de voces the sound of voices2 rumor (chisme).corre un rumor there's a rumor going roundcorre el rumor de que va a dimitir it is rumored that he's going to resign3 noise, rumbling.* * *1 (murmullo) murmur2 (noticia, voz) rumour (US rumor)\corre el rumor de que... rumour (US rumor) has it that...* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=noticia vaga) rumour, rumor (EEUU)circula o corre el rumor de que... — there's a rumour going round that...
2) (=murmullo) murmur; [de voces] buzz* * *a) ( murmuración) rumor*circulan rumores de que... — rumors are circulating that..., rumor has it that...
b) ( sonido) murmur* * *= rumour [rumor, -USA], rumblings, whisper.Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.Ex. The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.Ex. Some of them were conversing together in soundless whispers.----* circulaba el rumor de que = rumour had it that.* circula el rumor de que = rumour has it that.* corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.* corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.* dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.* dar pábulo a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.* desmentir un rumor = scoff at + the idea, dismiss + speculation.* difundir un rumor = spread + rumour.* difusión de rumores = rumour mongering.* enterarse por rumores = hear about it + via the grapevine, learn + it on/through the grapevine, hear it + on/through the grapevine.* negar un rumor = scoff at + the idea.* por rumores = grapevine.* rumor + circular = rumour + circulate.* rumores = grapevine, hearsay, scuttlebutt.* * *a) ( murmuración) rumor*circulan rumores de que... — rumors are circulating that..., rumor has it that...
b) ( sonido) murmur* * *= rumour [rumor, -USA], rumblings, whisper.Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
Ex: The world was becoming smaller & more claustrophobic with the rumblings of war in Europe.Ex: Some of them were conversing together in soundless whispers.* circulaba el rumor de que = rumour had it that.* circula el rumor de que = rumour has it that.* corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.* corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.* dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.* dar pábulo a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.* desmentir un rumor = scoff at + the idea, dismiss + speculation.* difundir un rumor = spread + rumour.* difusión de rumores = rumour mongering.* enterarse por rumores = hear about it + via the grapevine, learn + it on/through the grapevine, hear it + on/through the grapevine.* negar un rumor = scoff at + the idea.* por rumores = grapevine.* rumor + circular = rumour + circulate.* rumores = grapevine, hearsay, scuttlebutt.* * *1 (murmuración) rumor*circulan rumores de que … rumors are circulating that …, rumor has it that …empiezan a correr rumores sobre su dimisión there are already rumors going around about his resignation2 (sonido) murmurel rumor del agua/viento the murmur of the water/winda lo lejos se oía un rumor de voces the murmur o low hum of conversation could be heard in the distance* * *
rumor sustantivo masculino
◊ circulan rumores de que … rumors are circulating that …, rumor has it that …
rumor sustantivo masculino
1 (noticia imprecisa) rumour: se extendió el rumor de que iban a asociarse, a rumor went around about their going into partnership
2 (sonido) murmur
' rumor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
circular
- eco
- expandirse
- expansión
- extendida
- extendido
- habladuría
- sembrar
- atajar
- copucha
- correr
- crecer
- cundir
- desmentir
- difundir
- difusión
- esparcir
- levantar
- llegar
- malo
- negar
- rumorear
English:
buzz
- circulate
- foundation
- go about
- gossip
- murmur
- put about
- report
- rumor
- rumour
- run
- spread
- talk
- ugly
- unnamed
- whisper
- word
- feed
- get
- go
- put
- suggest
- swish
- vicious
* * *rumor nm1. [ruido sordo] murmur;el rumor de las olas the murmur of the waves;un rumor de voces the sound of voices2. [chisme] rumour;corre un rumor there's a rumour going round;corre el rumor de que va a dimitir it is rumoured that he's going to resign* * *m rumor, Brrumour* * *rumor nm1) : rumor2) : murmur* * *rumor n1. (noticia) rumour2. (ruido) murmur -
13 decet
dĕcet, cuit, 2, v. impers. [Sanscr. dacas, fame; Gr. dokeô, to seem, think; Lat. decus, dignus]. It is seemly, comely, becoming,; it beseems, behooves, is fitting, suitable, proper (for syn. v. debeo init.):a.decere quasi aptum esse consentaneumque tempori et personae,
Cic. Or. 22, 74; cf. also nunc quid aptum sit, hoc est, quid maxime deceat in oratione videamus, id. de Or. 3, 55, 210 (very freq. and class.; not in Caes.).—Constr., with nom. or inf. of the thing, and with acc.; less freq. with dat. of the pers.; sometimes absol.With nom. rei(α).and acc. pers.: Ph. Quin me aspice et contempla, ut haec (sc. vestis) me decet. Sc. Virtute formae id evenit, te ut deceat, quicquid habeas, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 16 sq.; cf.:(β).quem decet muliebris ornatus, quem incessus psaltriae, Cic. Clod. fragm. 5, p. 105 ed. Beier: te toga picta decet,
Prop. 4, 4, 53 al.; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 30; Quint. 8, 5, 28;and nec habitus triumphalis feminas deceat,
id. 11, 1, 3; cf.:omnis Aristippum color decuit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 23:intonsus crinis deum,
Tib. 1, 4, 38; cf.:neglecta decet multas coma,
Ov. A. A. 3, 153; id. F. 2, 106 et saep.:id maxime quemque decet, quod est cujusque maxime suum,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113:quod omnes et semper et ubique decet,
Quint. 11, 1, 14:non si quid Pholoen satis, Et te, Chlori, decet,
Hor. Od. 3, 15, 8 et saep.:qui flexus deceat miserationem,
Quint. 1, 11, 12:civitatem quis deceat status,
Hor. Od. 3, 29, 25 et saep.—In plur.:quem tenues decuere togae nitidique capilli,
Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 32:te non citharae decent,
id. Od. 3, 15, 14:alba decent Cererem: vestes Cerealibus albas Sumite,
Ov. F. 4, 619; id. M. 1, 457 et saep.:nec velle experiri, quam se aliena deceant,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113; Quint. 6, 1, 25:illa quoque diversa bonum virum decent,
id. 11, 1, 42 et saep.:duo verba uni apposita ne versum quidem decuerint,
id. 8, 6, 43.—Without acc. pers.:(γ).nihil est difficilius quam quid deceat videre,
Cic. Or. 21, 70; cf.:quid deceat et quid aptum sit personis,
id. Off. 1, 34 fin.:casus singularis magis decuit,
Quint. 8, 3, 20; id. 11, 3, 161 et saep.:idem fere in omni genere causarum et proderit et decebit,
id. 11, 1, 14; cf. id. 9, 4, 21.—In plur.:ubi lepos, joci, risus, vinum, ebrietas decent,
Plaut. Ps. prol. 20:cum magna pars est exhausta orationis, pene omnia decent,
Quint. 11, 3, 147; 150; id. 11, 1, 48 et saep. —With dat.:b.istuc facinus nostro generi non decet,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 188: certa est ratio quae deceat philosopho, Apul. Flor. 3, p. 355, 13; Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 34; cf. infra. —With inf.(α).and acc. pers.:(β).non te mihi irasci decet,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 24:hanc maculam nos decet effugere,
Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 31:oratorem irasci minime decet,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 25; Quint. 12, 6, 3; Ov. M. 3, 265; so freq. with inf. pass.:specimen naturae capi debet ex optima quaque natura,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 32:mortalin' decuit violari vulnere divum?
Verg. A. 12, 797; Ter. And. prol. 16. —Without acc.:(γ).injusta ab justis impetrare non decet,
Plaut. Am. prol. 35:exemplis grandioribus decuit uti,
Cic. Div. 1, 20; Ov. M. 8, 27:nunc decet caput impedire myrto: nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis,
Hor. Od. 1, 4, 9 sq.; id. Ep. 1, 17, 2; Pers. 3, 27.—With dat.:c.decet tantae majestati eas servare leges, quibus, etc.,
Dig. 32, 1, 23:ita uti liberali esse ingenio decet,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 89:prima certe pensari decet populo utrum, etc.,
Liv. 34, 58, 8.Absol.(α).with acc. pers.:(β).ita ut vos decet,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 40; cf.:facis, ut te decet,
Ter. Andr. 2, 5, 10; id. Heaut. 5, 5, 10:ita uti fortes decet milites,
id. Eun. 4, 7, 44; cf.: id. Andr. 2, 6, 14:illum decet,
Quint. 9, 4, 15 et saep.—Without case:(γ).eia haud sic decet,
Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 35; cf. id. Hec. 2, 2, 10:fecisti ut decuerat,
id. ib. 4, 4, 66:minus severe quam decuit,
Cic. Phil. 6, 1:velata parte oris, quia sic decebat,
it was becoming, Tac. A. 13, 45:nihil aliter ac deceat,
id. Att. 6, 3, 8: perge;decet,
Verg. A. 12, 153 et saep.—With dat.:2.ita nobis decet,
Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 5; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 12:locum editiorem quam victoribus decebat,
Sall. H. 1, 98 (Serv. Verg. A. 8, 127.)— Hence, dĕcens, entis, P. a. (freq. in Hor., Ov., and post-Aug. prose, esp. Quint.; not in Verg.; in Cic. once adverbially, and cf. decentia), seemly, becoming, decent, proper, fit:amictus,
Ov. Pont. 2, 5, 52; cf.:decentior amictus,
Quint. 11, 3, 156;and sinus (togae) decentissimus,
id. 11, 3, 140:ornatus,
id. 2, 15, 21:motus,
Hor. Od. 4, 13, 17; Quint. 1, 10, 26; cf.:corporis decens et accommodatus orationi motus,
id. 11, 3, 29;and allevatio atque contractio humerorum,
id. 11, 3, 83:decentissimum sponsalium genus,
Sen. Ben. 1, 9 et saep.:quid verum atque decens,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 11:decentius erit servare pudorem,
Quint. 11, 1, 78; cf. 8, 6, 6.—Esp. of corporeal fitness and symmetry, regularly, symmetrically, handsomely shaped; well-formed; noble:forma,
Ov. Am. 3, 1, 9; cf.:habitus decentior quam sublimior,
Tac. Agr. 44:facies,
Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 33:malae,
Hor. Od. 3, 27, 53:Venus,
id. ib. 1, 18, 6; cf.:Cynthia,
Prop. 4, 8, 52 (5, 8, 52 M.):Gratiae,
Hor. Od. 1, 4, 6:(Paullus) et nobilis et decens,
id. ib. 4, 1, 13: pulcher et decens toto corpore, Suct. Dom. 18; cf. Juv. 6, 161:sumptis decentior armis Minerva,
Ov. H. 5, 35; Quint. 8, 3, 10 et saep.— Adv.: decenter (acc. to no. 1), becomingly, decently, properly, fitly:fictis nominibus decenter uti,
Plin. Ep. 6, 21, 5; cf.:fieri,
Quint. 11, 1, 79:singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter,
Hor. A. P. 92; cf.:maesta,
Ov. Am. 2, 5, 44.— Comp.: Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 216; Quint. 9, 1, 21 al.— Sup., a false reading for diligentissime, Cic. Caes. 26, 74. -
14 Priestman, William Dent
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, Englandd. 7 September 1936 Hull, England[br]English oil engine pioneer.[br]William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.[br]Further ReadingC.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers 199:133.Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).JBBiographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent
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15 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose
[br]b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USAd. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.[br]Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsJohn Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.BibliographySperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).Further ReadingT.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).LRD -
16 Blenkinsop, John
[br]b. 1783 near Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 22 January 1831 Leeds, England[br]English coal-mine manager who made the first successful commercial use of steam locomotives.[br]In 1808 Blenkinsop became agent to J.C.Brandling, MP, owner of Middleton Colliery, from which coal was carried to Leeds over the Middle-ton Waggonway. This had been built by Brandling's ancestor Charles Brandling, who in 1758 obtained an Act of Parliament to establish agreements with owners of land over which the wagon way was to pass. That was the first railway Act of Parliament.By 1808 horse haulage was becoming uneconomic because the price of fodder had increased due to the Napoleonic wars. Brandling probably saw the locomotive Catch-Me- Who-Can demonstrated by Richard Trevithick. In 1811 Blenkinsop patented drive by cog-wheel and rack rail, the power to be provided preferably by a steam engine. His object was to produce a locomotive able to haul a substantial load, while remaining light enough to minimize damage to rails made from cast iron which, though brittle, was at that date the strongest material from which rails could be made. The wagonway, formerly of wood, was relaid with iron-edge rails; along one side rails cast with rack teeth were laid beside the running surface. Locomotives incorporating Blenkinsop's cog-wheel drive were designed by Matthew Murray and built by Fenton Murray \& Wood. The design was developed from Trevithick's to include two cylinders, for easier starting and smoother running. The first locomotive was given its first public trial on 24 June 1812, when it successfully hauled eight wagons of coal, on to which fifty spectators climbed. Locomotives of this type entered regular service later in the summer and proved able to haul loads of 110 tons; Trevithick's locomotive of 1804 had managed 25 tons.Blenkinsop-type locomotives were introduced elsewhere in Britain and in Europe, and those upon the Kenton \& Coxlodge Wagonway, near Newcastle upon Tyne, were observed by George Stephenson. The Middleton locomotives remained at work until 1835.[br]Bibliography10 April, 1811, "Certain Mechanical Means by which the Conveyance of Coals, Minerals and Other Articles is Facilitated….", British patent no. 3,431.Further ReadingJ.Bushell, 1975, The World's Oldest Railway, Sheffield: Turntable (describes Blenkinsop's work).E.K.Scott (ed.), 1928, Matthew Murray, Pioneer Engineer, Leeds.C.von Oeynhausen and H.von Dechen, 1971, Railways in England 1826 and 1827, Cambridge: W.Heffer \& Sons.PJGR -
17 Meikle, Andrew
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1719 Scotlandd. 27 November 1811[br]Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.[br]The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.[br]Bibliography1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".Further ReadingJ.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).KM / AP -
18 sta|ć się
pf — sta|wać się impf (stanę się — staję się) v refl. 1. (wydarzyć się) to happen- staał się cud a miracle happened- staało się nieszczęście a disaster struck- co się stało? what happened?, what’s the matter?- co się z nim stało? what happened to him?- co się stało z moimi okularami? what happened to my glasses?- kiedy to się stało? when did it happen?- musiało się staać coś strasznego something terrible must have happened- wolę nie myśleć, co by się stało I dread to think what might have happened- nic się nikomu nie stało nobody was hurt- jakby nic się nie stało as if nothing had happened- to się musiało staać it was bound to happen- dobrze/niedobrze się stało, że… it was fortunate/unfortunate that…- jak to się stało, że…? how did it happen that…?- jak to się stało, że została pani aktorką? how did you become an actress?- chciałem wyjechać, tak się jednak nie stało I wanted to go away, but it wasn’t to be- stało się! what’s done is done!- jeden błąd w obronie i stało się one mistake by the defence and that was it- nic się nie stało! it’s all right!2. (zostać) to become- stać się sędzią/pośmiewiskiem to become a judge/laughing stock- to się stało tradycją/regułą it became a tradition/rule- stała się milsza she became nicer- stawał się coraz bardziej natarczywy he was becoming more and more intrusive- długie suknie stały się niemodne long dresses have gone out of fashion- stało się jasne a. oczywiste, że… it became clear a. obvious that…- wszystko stało się jasne everything became clear- sprawiedliwości stało się zadość justice was done- jego życzeniu stało się zadość his wish was granted■ co się stało, to się nie odstanie what’s done cannot be undoneThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sta|ć się
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19 Russell, John Scott
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 May 1808 Parkhead, near Glasgow, Scotlandd. 8 June 1882 Isle of Wight, England[br]Scottish engineer, naval architect and academic.[br]A son of the manse, Russell was originally destined for the Church and commenced studies at the University of St Andrews, but shortly afterwards he transferred to Glasgow, graduating MA in 1825 when only 17 years old. He began work as a teacher in Edinburgh, working up from a school to the Mechanics Institute and then in 1832 to the University, where he took over the classes in natural philosophy following the death of the professor. During this period he designed and advised on the application of steam power to road transport and to the Forth and Clyde Canal, thereby awakening his interest in ships and naval architecture.Russell presented papers to the British Association over several years, and one of them, The Wave Line Theory of Ship Form (although now superseded), had great influence on ship designers of the time and helped to establish the formal study of hydromechanics. With a name that was becoming well known, Russell looked around for better opportunities, and on narrowly missing appointment to the Chair of Mathematics at Edinburgh University he joined the upand-coming Clyde shipyard of Caird \& Co., Greenock, as Manager in 1838.Around 1844 Russell and his family moved to London; following some business problems he was in straitened circumstances. However, appointment as Secretary to the Committee setting up the Great Exhibition of 1851 eased his path into London's intellectual society and allowed him to take on tasks such as, in 1847, the purchase of Fairbairn's shipyard on the Isle of Dogs and the subsequent building there of I.K. Brunel's Great Eastern steamship. This unhappy undertaking was a millstone around the necks of Brunel and Russell and broke the health of the former. With the yard failing to secure the order for HMS Warrior, the Royal Navy's first ironclad, Russell pulled out of shipbuilding and for the remainder of his life was a designer, consultant and at times controversial, but at all times polished and urbane, member of many important committees and societies. He is remembered as one of the founders of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1860. His last task was to design a Swiss Lake steamer for Messrs Escher Wyss, a company that coincidentally had previously retained Sir William Fairbairn.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1847.BibliographyJohn Scott Russell published many papers under the imprint of the British Association, the Royal Society of Arts and the Institution of Naval Architects. His most impressive work was the mammoth three-volume work on shipbuilding published in London in 1865 entitled The Modern System of Naval Architecture. Full details and plans of the Great Eastern are included.Further ReadingG.S.Emmerson, 1977, John Scott Russell, a Great Victorian Engineer and Naval Architect, London: MurrayFMW -
20 monter
monter [mɔ̃te]➭ TABLE 1━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. intransitive verb► monter sur [+ table, rocher, toit] to climb onto• monté sur une chaise, il accrochait un tableau he was standing on a chair hanging a picture• monter à bicyclette ( = faire du vélo) to ride a bicycle• monter à or jusqu'à to come up to• jusqu'où monte le téléphérique ? where does the cable car go up to?• la voiture peut monter jusqu'à 250 km/h the car can do up to 250km/h• ce tableau peut monter jusqu'à 30 000 € this painting could fetch up to 30,000 euros2. transitive verba. ( = gravir) to go upb. ( = porter) to take upd. ( = augmenter) monter le son to turn the sound upe. ( = exciter) monter qn contre qn to set sb against sb• « je monte la garde ! » "beware of the dog!"h. [+ pièce de théâtre] to put on ; [+ affaire, opération, campagne publicitaire] to set up ; [+ canular] to play ; [+ complot] to hatchi. [+ diamant, perle] to mount ; [+ pneu] to put on3. reflexive verba.se monter à [+ prix] to amount to* * *mɔ̃te
1.
verbe transitif (+ v avoir)1) ( transporter) ( en haut) gén to take [somebody/something] up (à to); ( à l'étage) to take [somebody/something] upstairs2) ( placer plus haut) to put [something] up [objet]; to raise [étagère] (de by)3) ( réussir à transporter) to get [something] up [objet]4) ( parcourir) to go up [escalier, pente, rue]5) (en valeur, intensité) to turn up [volume, thermostat]; Musique to raise the pitch of [instrument]6) Culinaire to beat, to whisk [blanc d'œuf, mayonnaise]7) ( rendre hostile)monter quelqu'un contre quelqu'un — to turn ou set somebody against somebody
8) ( chevaucher) to ride [cheval]9) (couvrir, saillir) to mount, to cover10) ( assembler) to assemble [meuble, appareil]; to put up [tente, échafaudage]; to set, to mount [pierre précieuse]; to mount [gravure]; Musique to string [instrument]11) ( en couture) to put [something] in [col]; to set [something] in [manche]12) ( organiser) to hatch [complot]; to mount [attaque]; to set up [société]; Théâtre to stage [pièce]monter une histoire de toutes pièces — to concoct ou fabricate a story from beginning to end
13) ( fournir)
2.
verbe intransitif (+ v être)1) ( se déplacer) ( en allant) gén to go up; ( à l'étage) to go upstairs; [avion, hélicoptère] to climb; [oiseau] to fly up; [soleil, brume] to risetu es monté à pied? — gén did you walk up?
il est monté au col à bicyclette/en voiture — he cycled/drove up to the pass
monter sur — to get onto [trottoir]; to climb onto [mur]
monter sur le toit — [enfant, chat] to go up onto the roof
monter à l'échelle/l'arbre — to climb (up) the ladder/the tree
faites-les monter — (clients, marchandises) send them up
monter dans un train/bus/avion — to get on a train/bus/plane
monter sur — to get on [cheval, bicyclette, tracteur]
3) ( s'étendre de bas en haut) [route, voie ferrée] to go uphill, to climb; [terrain] to rise; [canalisation, ligne téléphonique] ( en allant) to go upmonter en lacets — [route] to wind its way up
monter en pente douce — [terrain, route] to slope up gently
monter en pente raide — [terrain, route] to climb steeply
4) ( atteindre) [vêtement, liquide, neige] to come up5) ( augmenter) gén to rise, to go up (à to; de by); [marée] to come in; Musique [mélodie] to risefaire monter les cours de 2% — to push prices up by 2%
6) (se rendre, séjourner)monter à or sur Paris — ( de province) to go up to Paris
7) ( chevaucher)monter à bicyclette/moto — to ride a bicycle/motorbike
8) Arméemonter à l'assaut or l'attaque — to mount an attack (de on)
9) Jeux ( aux cartes) to play a higher card10) ( progresser) [employé, artiste] to riseà force de monter, il deviendra directeur — he'll work his way right up to director
monter en puissance — [parti, politicien] to rise
11) ( gagner en intensité) [colère, émotion] to mount; [sanglots] to rise; [larmes] to well uple ton monta — ( animation) the conversation became noisier; ( énervement) the discussion became heated
12) ( saisir)monter à la gorge de quelqu'un — [sanglots, cri] to rise (up) in somebody's throat
monter à la tête de quelqu'un — [vin, succès] to go to somebody's head
le rouge lui est monté au front — he/she went red in the face
13) Automobile, Technologiemonter à 250 km/h — to go up to 250 kph
3.
se monter verbe pronominal1) ( s'élever)se monter à — [frais, facture] to amount to
2) ( s'équiper) to get oneself set up (en with)••se monter la tête — (colloq) to get worked up (colloq)
* * *mɔ̃te1) [escalier, côte] (en allant) to go up, (en venant) to come upElle a du mal à monter les escaliers. — She has difficulty going upstairs.
2) [valise, paquet] (en allant) to take up, (en venant) to bring upMonte les valises pendant que je règle le taxi. — Take the suitcases up while I pay the cab fare.
Monte-moi le dossier. — Bring me up the file.
3) [société, opération] to set up4) [tente, échafaudage, étagères] to put up, [machine] to assemble5) (= fixer)monter qch sur qch [dispositif, moteur] — to fit sth on sth
6) [cheval] to mount, to get on7) ZOOLOGIE, [femelle] to cover, to serve8) [bijou] to mount, to set10) CINÉMA to edit11) THÉÂTRE, [pièce] to put on, to stage1) [personne] (aller) to go up, (venir) to come upmonter à pied — to walk up, to go up on foot
monter sur [chaise, escabeau] — to get onto
Tu vas devoir monter sur une chaise pour changer l'ampoule. — You'll have to get onto a chair to change the light bulb.
2) [avion, voiture] to climb, to go up3) [chemin, niveau, température, voix, prix] to go up, to riseLes prix ont encore monté. — Prices have gone up again.
4) [brouillard, bruit] to rise, to come up5) [passager] to get onmonter dans le train — to get on the train, to board the train
monter dans l'avion — to get on the plane, to board the plane
Il est temps de monter dans l'avion. — It's time to get on the plane.
6) (= faire du cheval) to ride, to ride a horsemonter à cheval (hobby) — to ride, to go riding, (action) to get on a horse
monter bien — to be a good rider, to ride well
monter mal — to be a poor rider, to ride badly
* * *monter verb table: aimerA vtr (+ v avoir)1 ( transporter) ( en haut) gén to take [sb/sth] up [personne, objet] (à to); ( à l'étage) to take [sb/sth] upstairs [personne, objet]; ( d'en bas) gén to bring [sb/sth] up [personne, objet] (de from); ( de l'étage) to bring [sb/sth] upstairs [personne, objet]; monter les valises au grenier to take the suitcases up to the attic; monter les bouteilles de la cave to bring the bottles up from the cellar; je peux vous monter au village I can take you up to the village; monte-moi mes pantoufles bring my slippers up (to me); je leur ai fait monter les valises au grenier I made them take the suitcases up to the attic; j'ai fait monter le piano dans la chambre I had the piano taken up to the bedroom; faites -moi monter les dossiers secrets get the secret files brought up to me;2 ( placer plus haut) to put [sth] up [objet]; to raise [étagère] (de by); monte le store put the blind up; j'ai monté le vase sur l'étagère du haut I put the vase on the top shelf; tu peux me monter cette valise sur l'armoire? can you put ou get this suitcase up on the wardrobe for me?; monter l'étagère d'un cran/de 20 centimètres to raise the shelf by one notch/by 20 centimetresGB;3 ( réussir à transporter) to get [sth] up [objet]; impossible de monter le piano par l'escalier/par la fenêtre it's impossible to get the piano up the stairs/up through the window; comment va-t-on monter le piano? ( à l'étage) how are we going to get the piano upstairs?; ( dans le camion) how are we going to get the piano in?;4 ( parcourir) ( en allant) to go up [pente, rue, marches]; to go up, to climb [côte, escaliers]; ( en venant) to come up [pente, rue, marches, escaliers]; je l'ai vu monter les escaliers sur les or à genoux I saw him go ou climb up the stairs on his knees; monter la colline à bicyclette to cycle up the hill; je leur ai fait monter la colline en courant I made them run up the hill; il m'a fait monter les escaliers trois fois he made me go upstairs ou up the stairs three times;5 (en valeur, intensité) to turn up [volume, thermostat, gaz]; Mus to raise the pitch of [instrument]; Art to intensify [couleur]; monte un peu la radio turn the radio up a bit; monter un violon d'un ton to raise the pitch of a violin by a tone;6 Culin to beat, to whisk [blanc d'œuf, mayonnaise]; monter les blancs en neige ( dans une recette) beat ou whisk the egg whites until stiff; monter une sauce to thicken a sauce;7 ( rendre hostile) monter qn contre qn to turn ou set sb against sb; monter qn contre un projet to put sb off a plan; être monté contre qn to have it in for sb;8 ( chevaucher) to ride [cheval, âne, éléphant]; ce cheval n'a jamais été monté this horse has never been ridden (before);9 (couvrir, saillir) to mount, to cover;10 ( assembler) to assemble [meuble, appareil, machine]; to put up [tente, échafaudage]; to set, to mount [pierre précieuse]; to mount [gravure, estampe, photo]; Mus to string [instrument]; monter un film Cin to edit a film; monter une page Imprim to set (up) a page; monter une émission TV to edit a broadcast; monter en parallèle Électrotech to connect in parallel;11 Cout to put [sth] in [col]; to set [sth] in [manche]; monter un manteau/une robe to make up a coat/a dress;12 ( organiser) to hatch [complot]; to mount [attaque, opération militaire]; to set up [société, opération financière]; Théât to stage, to put on [pièce]; monter un spectacle to stage ou put on a show; monter une histoire de toutes pièces to concoct ou fabricate a story from beginning to end;13 ( fournir) monter son ménage/sa maison to set up home/house; monter sa garde-robe to build up one's wardrobe.B vi (+ v être)1 ( se déplacer) [personne] ( en allant) gén to go up (à to); ( à l'étage) to go upstairs; ( en venant) gén to come up (de from); ( à l'étage) to come upstairs; [train, ascenseur, téléphérique] ( en allant) to go up; ( en venant) to come up; [avion, hélicoptère] to climb; [oiseau] to fly up; [soleil, brume] to rise (sur over); [fumée, odeur, bruit] to come up; reste-ici, je monte au grenier stay here, I'm going up to the attic; peux-tu monter chercher mon sac? can you go upstairs and get my bag?; tu peux monter m'aider à pousser l'armoire? can you come upstairs and help me push the wardrobe?; il est monté s'allonger he went upstairs to lie down; te voilà! tu es monté par l'ascenseur? there you are! did you come up in the lift GB ou elevator US?; tu es monté à pied? gén did you walk up?; ( plutôt que par l'ascenseur) did you come up on foot?; je préfère monter par l'escalier I prefer to go up by the stairs; nous sommes montés par le sentier/la route ( à pied) we walked up by the path/the road; ( à cheval) we rode up by the path/the road; il est monté au col à bicyclette/en voiture he cycled/drove up to the pass; il est monté vers moi en rampant he crawled up to me; où est l'écureuil? il a dû monter à l'arbre where's the squirrel? it must have gone up ou climbed the tree; monte, je te suis go on up, I'll follow you; monte ici! come up here!; je suis monté en haut de la tour/au sommet de la falaise I went up to the top of the tower/to the top of the cliff; monter sur [personne] to step onto, to get onto [trottoir, marche]; [animal] to get onto [marche, trottoir]; [personne, animal] to climb onto [mur, tabouret]; il est monté sur le toit [enfant, chat] he's/it's gone up onto the roof; monter à l'échelle/l'arbre/la corde to climb (up) the ladder/the tree/the rope; monter à la verticale [ballon, alpiniste] to climb vertically; monter au ciel to ascend into Heaven; l'air chaud fait monter les ballons/planeurs warm air makes balloons/gliders rise; elle m'a fait/ne m'a pas laissé monter dans sa chambre she had me/didn't let me go up to her bedroom; faites-les monter (clients, marchandises) send them up;2 ( sur un moyen de transport) monter dans une voiture to get in a car; monter dans un train/bus/avion to get on a train/bus/plane; monter dans un canoë/sur un bateau to get into a canoe/on a boat; il n'est jamais monté en avion he's never been on a plane; il a peur de monter en avion he's afraid of flying; monter à bord to get on board; monter sur to get on [âne, cheval, bicyclette, tracteur]; monté sur son cheval/sur son chameau, il parcourait le pays he travelledGB the country on horseback/on his camel;3 ( s'étendre de bas en haut) [route, voie ferrée] to go uphill, to climb; [terrain] to rise; [canalisation, ligne téléphonique] ( en allant) to go up; ( en venant) to come up; monter jusqu'à [chemin, muraille, escalier] ( description) to go up to; ( emphase) to go up as far as; monter jusqu'au sommet [route, ligne téléphonique] to go right up to the top; monter en lacets [route] to wind its way up; monter en pente douce [terrain, route] to slope up gently; monter en pente raide [terrain, route] to climb steeply; monter brusquement sur 200 mètres [pente, route] to climb sharply for 200 metresGB;4 ( atteindre) [vêtement, liquide, neige] to come up (jusqu'à to); des chaussettes qui montent jusqu'aux genoux socks that come up to the knees; il avait des chaussettes qui lui montaient aux genoux he was wearing knee socks; l'eau nous montait jusqu'à la taille the water came up to our waists, we were waist-deep in water; l'eau montait sur la berge the water came up onto the bank;5 ( augmenter) [niveau, baromètre, température, pression, prix, taux] to rise, to go up (à to; de by); [marée] to come in; Mus [mélodie] to rise; l’euro est or a monté par rapport à la livre the euro has risen ou gone up against the pound; faire monter les cours de 2% to push prices up by 2%; ça va faire monter le dollar it'll send ou push the dollar up; ça fait monter la température gén it raises the temperature; Méd it puts one's temperature up; ça ne fera pas monter leur niveau de vie it won't raise their standard of living;6 (se rendre, séjourner) monter à or sur Paris ( de province) to go up to Paris; monter à Lyon ( du Midi) to go up to Lyons;7 ( chevaucher) monter (à cheval) to ride; monter à bicyclette/moto to ride a bicycle/motorbike; il ne sait pas monter (à cheval) he can't ride; elle monte à cheval deux fois par semaine she goes riding ou rides twice a week;8 Mil monter à l'assaut or l'attaque to mount an attack (de on); monter au front to move up to the front; monter en ligne to move up the line; monter au combat to go into battle;9 Jeux ( aux cartes) to play a higher card; monter à carreau/l'atout to play a higher diamond/trump;10 ( progresser) ( dans une hiérarchie) to rise, to move up; ( en notoriété) [artiste] to rise; à force de monter, il deviendra directeur he'll work his way right up to director; c'est un jeune peintre qui monte he's an up-and-coming ou a rising young painter; monter en puissance [parti, politicien] to rise;11 ( gagner en intensité) [colère, émotion] to mount; [sanglots] to rise; [larmes] to well up; le ton monta ( animation) the conversation became noisier; ( énervement) the discussion became heated;12 ( saisir) monter à la gorge de qn [sanglots, cri] to rise (up) in sb's throat; monter à la tête de qn [vin, alcool, succès] to go to sb's head; le rouge lui est monté au front he/she went red in the face;13 Aut, Tech monter à 250 km/h [véhicule] to go up to ou reach 250 km/h; [automobiliste] to go up to 250 km/h; monter en puissance [moteur] to increase in power.C se monter vpr1 ( s'élever) se monter à [dépenses, frais, facture] to come to, to amount to; [dette] to amount to;2 ( s'équiper) to get oneself set up (en with).se monter la tête○ to get worked up○.[mɔ̃te] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être ou avoir)1. [personne, animal - vu d'en bas] to go up ; [ - vu d'en haut] to come up[drapeau] to go upmonte par l'ascenseur go up in ou use the liftle premier de cordée continuait à monter the leader continued to climb ou continued the ascentes-tu déjà montée au dernier étage de la tour Eiffel? have you ever been up to the top of the Eiffel Tower?monter en pente raide to climb steeply ou sharplyça monte trop, passe en première it's too steep, change down into firstmonter de [suj: odeur, bruit] to rise (up) from, to come from2. [dans un moyen de transport]a. [avion, train] to get on ou onto, to boardb. [bus] to get on, to boardc. [voiture] to get intotu montes (avec moi)? [dans ma voiture] are you coming with me (in my car)?elle monte à Versailles [dans le train] she gets on at Versailles (station)monter sur un ou à bord d'un bateau to board a shipmonter sur un cheval to get on ou to mount a horseça fait longtemps que je ne suis pas monté sur une bicyclette it's a long time since I've been on a bicycle3. [apparaître suite à une émotion]les larmes lui sont montées aux yeux tears welled up in his eyes, his eyes filled with tears4. [s'élever - température] to rise, to go up ; [ - fièvre] to rise ; [ - prix, taux] to rise, to go up, to increase ; [ - action] to rise ; [ - rivière] to rise ; [ - mer, marée] to come in ; [ - anxiété, mécontentement] to grow, to increasefaire monter [tension, peur] to increasea. [surenchère] to send ou to put prices upb. [marchand] to put up ou to increase pricesles loyers ont monté de 25 % rents have gone up ou increased by 25%a. [il bout] the milk is boilingb. [chez une femme qui allaite] lactation has startedprends de grosses aiguilles, ton pull montera plus vite your sweater will knit up more quickly if you use big needlesle soufflé a bien monté/n'a pas monté the soufflé rose beautifully/didn't risea. [de colère] voices were being raised, the discussion was becoming heatedb. [d'animation] the noise level was rising5. [atteindre un certain niveau]monter à ou jusqu'à [eau, vêtement, chaussures] to come up toles pistes de ski montent jusqu'à 3 000 m the ski runs go up to ou as high as 3,000 ml'hectare de vigne peut monter jusqu'à 30 000 euros one hectare of vineyard can cost up to ou fetch as much as 30,000 eurosil peut monter jusqu'au "si" he can go ou sing up to B7. [pour attaquer]8. [dans une hiérarchie] to rise[dans le temps]la génération qui monte the rising ou new generation9. [aller vers le nord]10. JEUX————————[mɔ̃te] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)1. [gravir] to go up (inseparable)monter l'escalier to go ou to climb up the stairs, to go upstairs2. [porter en haut - bagages, colis] to take ou to carry up (separable) ; [ - courrier] to take up (separable)peut-on se faire monter le repas dans les chambres? is it possible to have meals brought to the room?3. [mettre plus haut]monte la vitre, j'ai froid wind up the (car) window, I'm cold[mettre en colère]5. [assembler - kit] to assemble, to put together (separable) ; [ - tente] to pitch, to put up (separable) ; [ - abri] to rig up (separable)a. [sur une marie-louise] to mount an engravingb. [dans un cadre] to frame an engraving7. [organiser - généralement] to organize ; [ - pièce, spectacle] to put on (separable), to stage, to produce ; [ - canular] to think up (separable) ; [ - complot, machination] to set up (separable)8. [pourvoir - bibliothèque, collection, cave] to set up (separable)monter son ménage ou sa maison to set up house9. ÉQUITATION[film] to edit11. COUTURE to fit (on)monter une manche to sew on ou to attach a sleevele pantalon est prêt à être monté the trousers are ready to assemble ou to be made up[tricoter - maille] to cast on (separable)12. CUISINE————————se monter à verbe pronominal plus préposition[coût, dépenses] to come ou to amount ou to add up to————————se monter en verbe pronominal plus prépositionto equip ou to provide oneself with
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